- Bipolar square wave equation generator#
- Bipolar square wave equation full#
Bipolar square wave equation generator#
Google Patents WO2011017802A1 - High voltage square wave and spwm wave generator Fusion events and nonfusion contents mixing events induced in erythrocyte ghosts by an electric pulse. Membrane electroporation-fast molecular exchange by electroosmosis. Electro-permeabilization of cell membranes: effect of the resting membrane potential. Schwan equation and transmembrane potential induced by alternating electric field. Electroporation: high frequency of occurrence of a transient high-permeability state in erythrocytes and intact yeast.
Weaver JC, Harrison GI, Bliss JG, Mourant JR, Powell KT. Cell poration and cell fusion using an oscillating electric field. An improved method of electroporation for introducing biologically active foreign genes into cultured mammalian cells. Tatsuka M, Orita S, Yagi T, Kakunaga T. The effect of cell synchronization on the efficiency of stable gene transfer by electroporation. Large scale transfection of mouse L-cells by electropermeabilization. Enhancer-dependent expression of human kappa immunoglobulin genes introduced into mouse pre-B lymphocytes by electroporation. Expression of a foreign gene linked to either a plant-virus or a Drosophila promoter, after electroporation of protoplasts of rice, wheat, and sorghum. Stable transformation of maize after gene transfer by electroporation. High efficiency transformation of intact yeast cells by electric field pulses. High-voltage electroporation of bacteria: genetic transformation of Campylobacter jejuni with plasmid DNA. Electroporation: parameters affecting transfer of DNA into mammalian cells. Electroporation for the efficient transfection of mammalian cells with DNA. Gene transfer into mouse lyoma cells by electroporation in high electric fields. Neumann E, Schaefer-Ridder M, Wang Y, Hofschneider PH. Enchancement of the infectivity of simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid with diethylaminoethyl-dextran. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. DNA entry by surface binding and diffusion through membrane pores. Study of mechanisms of electric field-induced DNA transfection. High-efficiency transformation of bacterial cells by electroporation. Gaining access to the cytosol: the technique and some applications of electropermeabilization. Electroporation in biology: methods, applications, and instrumentation. Electrical breakdown, electropermeabilization and electrofusion. Links to PubMed are also available for Selected References. Get a printable copy (PDF file) of the complete article (1.3M), or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Bipolar square wave equation full#
Full textįull text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Taken together, our result suggests that permeabilization of the membrane at multiple sites without affecting cell survivability may account for the improvements in transfection efficiency observed with bipolar oscillating electric fields.
With unipolar square wave or single square pulse, the membrane is permeabilized either on one side or asymmetrically. Qualitative comparison of cell permeabilization induced by the three types of wave forms and monitored by ethidium bromide uptake revealed that only the bipolar square wave permeabilizes the cell membrane symmetrically at the two hemispheres facing the electrodes.
In the range of electric field strength used for optimum transfection, the survivability of electropermeabilized cells was comparable between the unipolar and bipolar square waves but fell considerably with the single square pulse. Results show that a bipolar square wave is, at least, 1.7- and 5.5-fold more efficient than the unipolar square wave and single square pulse, respectively. Using the plasmid DNA pSV2-neo (which, when integrated into the cellular genome confers resistance to the antibiotic G418 for selection), we examined and compared the transfection efficiency on NIH 3T3 cells electropermeabilized by applying a sequence of high-frequency unipolar or bipolar square waves or a single square pulse.
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